chore: release v0.4.3-beta.1 on beta

Connecting over a mobile network took ~90s, and under worse conditions did
not complete at all. Three compounding causes, all in the address loop of
perform_handshake_with_id, which walks candidates strictly in order and burns
each one's full retry budget before touching the next:

  - IPv6 was tried FIRST. Carriers routinely hand out IPv6 with no working
    route and blackhole it rather than rejecting, so each AAAA record cost the
    entire 4x1.2s budget with nothing to show; with several of them the
    working IPv4 address was not reached for tens of seconds. The identical
    ordering bug was already fixed on the server's outbound path and in the
    UoT connect - the client's handshake was simply missed.

  - The NAT64 prefix discovery lookup had no timeout. It only ever runs on
    networks that are already misbehaving, exactly where a resolver can hang
    for tens of seconds. Now bounded at 2s, falling back to the well-known
    RFC 6052 prefix, which beats waiting.

  - NAT64 was retried per failing IPv4 address, each time re-running that
    lookup plus another four handshake attempts - for a path that either works
    for the whole network or for none of it. Now attempted once.

Ordering alone is the dominant fix; the other two bound the tail.

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -378,7 +378,15 @@ jobs:
             ~/.cargo/registry/cache/
             ~/.cargo/git/db/
             target/
+            ostp-gui/src-tauri/target/
           key: cargo-windows-gui-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
+          # Without a prefix fallback this cache NEVER restored on a release:
+          # cutting a release rewrites every Cargo.lock (version bump), which
+          # changes hashFiles(), which misses the exact key — so each release
+          # rebuilt every dependency from scratch. That is why the GUI jobs ran
+          # 2-4x longer than the plain release targets, which had this all along.
+          restore-keys: |
+            cargo-windows-gui-${{ matrix.target }}-
 
       - name: Download wintun
         shell: pwsh
@@ -460,7 +468,10 @@ jobs:
             ~/.cargo/registry/cache/
             ~/.cargo/git/db/
             target/
+            ostp-gui/src-tauri/target/
           key: cargo-linux-gui-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            cargo-linux-gui-${{ matrix.target }}-
 
       - name: Build Tauri App
         working-directory: ostp-gui
@@ -522,7 +533,10 @@ jobs:
             ~/.cargo/registry/cache/
             ~/.cargo/git/db/
             target/
+            ostp-gui/src-tauri/target/
           key: cargo-macos-gui-${{ matrix.target }}-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            cargo-macos-gui-${{ matrix.target }}-
 
       - name: Build Tauri App
         working-directory: ostp-gui
@@ -587,27 +601,107 @@ jobs:
         with:
           ndk-version: r26b
 
-      - name: Install cargo-ndk
-        run: cargo install cargo-ndk
+      # The Android jobs had no Rust caching at all, so every release recompiled
+      # the whole ostp-jni dependency graph from scratch — the main reason these
+      # were among the slowest jobs in the matrix.
+      - name: Cache cargo
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: |
+            ~/.cargo/registry/index/
+            ~/.cargo/registry/cache/
+            ~/.cargo/git/db/
+            target/
+          key: cargo-android-${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ hashFiles('**/Cargo.lock') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            cargo-android-${{ matrix.arch }}-
+
+      # cargo-ndk was built from source on every run. Cache the binary the same
+      # way the cross-compilation jobs already cache `cross`.
+      - name: Restore cargo-ndk binary cache
+        id: cargo-ndk-cache
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cargo/bin/cargo-ndk
+          key: cargo-ndk-bin-${{ runner.os }}-v1
+
+      - name: Install cargo-ndk (if not cached)
+        if: steps.cargo-ndk-cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: cargo install cargo-ndk --locked
 
       - name: Build Android APK
         shell: bash
         working-directory: ostp-flutter
+        env:
+          OSTP_KEYSTORE_B64: ${{ secrets.ANDROID_KEYSTORE_BASE64 }}
+          OSTP_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.ANDROID_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD }}
+          OSTP_KEY_ALIAS: ${{ secrets.ANDROID_KEY_ALIAS }}
+          OSTP_KEY_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.ANDROID_KEY_PASSWORD }}
         run: |
-          # 1. Compile JNI
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          # 1. Materialise the upload keystore from secrets. Android keys an app
+          #    by applicationId + signing key and refuses to update across a key
+          #    change, so every published build MUST use this one key. Releases
+          #    used to fall through to the per-machine debug keystore, which on
+          #    ephemeral CI runners meant a different random key every build -
+          #    hence "App not installed" on upgrade.
+          if [ -z "${OSTP_KEYSTORE_B64:-}" ]; then
+            echo "::error::ANDROID_KEYSTORE_BASE64 secret is not set. Refusing to publish a"
+            echo "::error::debug-signed APK: users could not update over it and the key is"
+            echo "::error::not reproducible. See docs for the one-time keystore setup."
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          export OSTP_KEYSTORE_PATH="$RUNNER_TEMP/ostp-upload.jks"
+          # Strip any stray CR/LF before decoding: the secret is pasted from a
+          # shell whose line endings we don't control, and a single trailing \r
+          # is enough to corrupt the decode.
+          printf '%s' "$OSTP_KEYSTORE_B64" | tr -d '\r\n' | base64 -d > "$OSTP_KEYSTORE_PATH"
+
+          # Verify the keystore opens BEFORE spending four minutes on Gradle only
+          # to fail at the packaging step. The size/SHA-256 are safe to print (a
+          # hash reveals nothing) and let the operator compare against the local
+          # file to tell a transport problem apart from a wrong password.
+          echo "keystore: $(stat -c%s "$OSTP_KEYSTORE_PATH") bytes, sha256 $(sha256sum "$OSTP_KEYSTORE_PATH" | cut -d' ' -f1)"
+          if ! keytool -list -keystore "$OSTP_KEYSTORE_PATH" \
+                 -storepass "$OSTP_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            echo "::error::The keystore did not open with ANDROID_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD."
+            echo "::error::If the SHA-256 above matches your local ostp-upload.jks, the file"
+            echo "::error::arrived intact and the password secret itself is wrong - note that"
+            echo "::error::PowerShell expands \$ inside double quotes, so a password containing"
+            echo "::error::one gets mangled unless it was set with single quotes."
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          if ! keytool -list -keystore "$OSTP_KEYSTORE_PATH" \
+                 -storepass "$OSTP_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD" -alias "$OSTP_KEY_ALIAS" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            echo "::error::Keystore opened, but it has no key under ANDROID_KEY_ALIAS."
+            echo "::error::Aliases present in the keystore:"
+            keytool -list -keystore "$OSTP_KEYSTORE_PATH" -storepass "$OSTP_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD" \
+              | grep -i "PrivateKeyEntry" || true
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          # 2. Compile JNI
           mkdir -p android/app/src/main/jniLibs/${{ matrix.arch }}
-          
+
           cd ../ostp-jni
           cargo ndk -t ${{ matrix.arch }} -o "../ostp-flutter/android/app/src/main/jniLibs" build --release
           cd ../ostp-flutter
-          
 
-          
           # 3. Build Flutter APK
           flutter build apk --release --target-platform ${{ matrix.flutter_target }}
-          
-          # 4. Copy to output
-          cp build/app/outputs/flutter-apk/app-release.apk ostp-android-${{ matrix.arch }}.apk
+
+          # 4. Fail loudly if the APK somehow still came out debug-signed, rather
+          #    than shipping another un-updatable build.
+          APK=build/app/outputs/flutter-apk/app-release.apk
+          if "$ANDROID_HOME"/build-tools/*/apksigner verify --print-certs "$APK" 2>/dev/null \
+               | grep -qi "CN=Android Debug"; then
+            echo "::error::APK is signed with the Android debug certificate - aborting."
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          # 5. Copy to output
+          cp "$APK" ostp-android-${{ matrix.arch }}.apk
 
       - name: Upload to GitHub Release
         uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2

.gitignore

@@ -26,6 +26,13 @@ test_route.ps1
 config.json
 wintun.dll
 
+# Android signing keys. The upload keystore is the ONE key every published APK
+# must be signed with (Android refuses to update an app across a key change),
+# so losing or leaking it is unrecoverable — it can never be committed.
+*.jks
+*.keystore
+key.properties
+
 # Server runtime cache (public IP autodetect) — must never be committed,
 # it's regenerated locally and leaks whatever host it ran on last.
 .ostp_public_ip
@@ -39,6 +46,7 @@ turn-harvesting-idea.md
 
 # Private tooling (closed-source)
 ostp-prober/
+ostp-lab/
 
 ostp-brain/
 

.release-state.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
-  "target_version": "0.4.2",
+  "target_version": "0.4.3",
   "branch": "beta",
   "alpha_iteration": 0,
-  "beta_iteration": 5
+  "beta_iteration": 1
 }

Cargo.lock

@@ -1386,7 +1386,7 @@ checksum = "c08d65885ee38876c4f86fa503fb49d7b507c2b62552df7c70b2fce627e06381"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ostp"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
@@ -1409,7 +1409,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ostp-client"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64",
@@ -1440,7 +1440,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ostp-core"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "bytes",
@@ -1474,7 +1474,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ostp-server"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "axum",
@@ -1507,7 +1507,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ostp-tun"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "libc",
@@ -1519,7 +1519,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ostp-tun-helper"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "chrono",

Cargo.toml

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ resolver = "2"
 [workspace.package]
 edition = "2021"
 license = "AGPL-3.0"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0"

ostp-client/src/bridge.rs

@@ -137,6 +137,16 @@ pub struct Bridge {
     last_rtt_ms: f64,
     last_sample_at: Instant,
     last_valid_recv: Instant,
+    /// Set when a suspend/resume is detected, cleared once a reconnect actually
+    /// succeeds. Waking is precisely when the network is least likely to be
+    /// ready — Wi-Fi has not reassociated yet — so a single attempt fired
+    /// milliseconds after resume usually fails, and a one-shot forced reconnect
+    /// then fell back to the ordinary 25s stall heuristic. That heuristic keys
+    /// off a monotonic clock which does not advance while the machine is
+    /// asleep, so it could take a further 25s of real uptime to fire, or not
+    /// fire at all. Retrying until success removes the dependency on either.
+    forced_reconnect_pending: bool,
+    last_forced_reconnect_try: Instant,
 }
 
 impl Bridge {
@@ -173,6 +183,8 @@ impl Bridge {
             last_rtt_ms: 0.0,
             last_sample_at: Instant::now(),
             last_valid_recv: Instant::now(),
+            forced_reconnect_pending: false,
+            last_forced_reconnect_try: Instant::now(),
         })
     }
 
@@ -255,7 +267,27 @@ impl Bridge {
                         let _ = tx.send(UiEvent::Log(format!(
                             "Resumed after ~{}s suspend — forcing clean reconnect", wall_gap.as_secs()
                         ))).await;
+                        self.forced_reconnect_pending = true;
+                        self.last_forced_reconnect_try = Instant::now() - Duration::from_secs(60);
+                    }
+
+                    // Keep retrying a resume-triggered reconnect until one lands.
+                    // The first attempt fires within half a second of waking, when
+                    // the NIC is typically still reassociating, so treating it as
+                    // one-shot left the tunnel dead until some other timer noticed.
+                    if self.running
+                        && self.forced_reconnect_pending
+                        && self.last_forced_reconnect_try.elapsed() >= Duration::from_secs(3)
+                    {
+                        self.last_forced_reconnect_try = Instant::now();
                         self.handle_keepalive(true, &mut sessions_opt, &mut udp_rx_opt, &mut proxy_guard, &mut stream_map, &tx, &proxy_tx, &mut proxy_rx).await;
+                        // handle_keepalive refreshes last_valid_recv only when a
+                        // session was actually established, so this is a real
+                        // success check rather than "we tried".
+                        if self.last_valid_recv.elapsed() < Duration::from_secs(3) {
+                            self.forced_reconnect_pending = false;
+                            let _ = tx.send(UiEvent::Log("Reconnected after suspend".into())).await;
+                        }
                     }
                     if self.running {
                         self.emit_metrics(&tx).await;
@@ -272,7 +304,20 @@ impl Bridge {
                     }
                 }
                 proxy_ev = proxy_rx.recv(), if self.running && sessions_opt.as_ref().map(|s| {
-                    s.iter().any(|ses| ses.machine.in_flight_count() < ses.machine.cwnd_packets().clamp(16, 16384))
+                    // Upper bound matches MAX_CWND_PACKETS in ostp-core's congestion
+                    // controller. The old 16384 ceiling let ~20 MB sit in flight,
+                    // which on a mobile uplink is minutes of buffered queue rather
+                    // than throughput — the app kept handing over data long after
+                    // the path had stopped draining it.
+                    // Two independent gates. cwnd bounds how much may be in
+                    // flight; pacing bounds how FAST it is released. Without the
+                    // second, a full window goes out back-to-back and lands in
+                    // the bottleneck's buffer as standing queue rather than
+                    // throughput — the thing that produced multi-second RTT.
+                    s.iter().any(|ses| {
+                        ses.machine.in_flight_count() < ses.machine.cwnd_packets().clamp(16, 1024)
+                            && ses.machine.can_pace_packet()
+                    })
                 }).unwrap_or(true) => {
                     self.handle_proxy_event(proxy_ev, &mut sessions_opt, &mut stream_map, &tx, &proxy_tx).await;
                 }
@@ -926,7 +971,21 @@ impl Bridge {
             Ok(addrs) => addrs.collect(),
             Err(e) => return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("failed to resolve server address {}: {}", self.server_addr, e)),
         };
-        resolved_addrs.sort_by_key(|addr| if addr.is_ipv6() { 0 } else { 1 });
+        // IPv4 first. Addresses are tried strictly in order, each burning its
+        // full retry budget before the next is touched, so this ordering decides
+        // how long a bad family stalls the whole connect. Mobile carriers
+        // routinely hand out IPv6 with no working route and BLACKHOLE it rather
+        // than rejecting, so every IPv6 candidate costs the full timeout budget
+        // — with several AAAA records the working IPv4 address was not reached
+        // for tens of seconds. (The same ordering bug was already fixed on the
+        // server's outbound path and in the UoT connect.)
+        resolved_addrs.sort_by_key(|addr| if addr.is_ipv6() { 1 } else { 0 });
+
+        // NAT64 is a fallback for IPv6-only networks. Retrying it per failing
+        // address multiplied an already-long connect: each attempt re-runs a DNS
+        // lookup and another full round of handshake retries, for a path that
+        // either works for the whole network or for none of it.
+        let mut nat64_attempted = false;
 
         let mut last_err = anyhow::anyhow!("no IP addresses resolved for {}", self.server_addr);
 
@@ -939,7 +998,8 @@ impl Bridge {
             let socket = match self.try_connect_transport(target_ip, port).await {
                 Ok(sock) => sock,
                 Err(e) => {
-                    if let std::net::IpAddr::V4(ipv4) = target_ip {
+                    if let (std::net::IpAddr::V4(ipv4), false) = (target_ip, nat64_attempted) {
+                        nat64_attempted = true;
                         tx.send(UiEvent::Log(format!("Direct IPv4 connection failed: {}. Trying NAT64 fallback...", e))).await.ok();
                         let nat64_ipv6 = synthesize_nat64(ipv4).await;
                         match self.try_connect_transport(std::net::IpAddr::V6(nat64_ipv6), port).await {
@@ -1020,7 +1080,8 @@ impl Bridge {
             let (final_socket, size) = if success {
                 (socket, size)
             } else {
-                if let std::net::IpAddr::V4(ipv4) = target_ip {
+                if let (std::net::IpAddr::V4(ipv4), false) = (target_ip, nat64_attempted) {
+                    nat64_attempted = true;
                     tx.send(UiEvent::Log("Direct IPv4 handshake timed out. Trying NAT64 fallback...".to_string())).await.ok();
                     let nat64_ipv6 = synthesize_nat64(ipv4).await;
                     match self.try_connect_transport(std::net::IpAddr::V6(nat64_ipv6), port).await {
@@ -1264,8 +1325,19 @@ fn next_profile(current: TrafficProfile) -> TrafficProfile {
 }
 
 async fn synthesize_nat64(ip: std::net::Ipv4Addr) -> std::net::Ipv6Addr {
+    // Well-known prefix (RFC 6052), used if discovery doesn't answer in time.
     let mut prefix = [0x00, 0x64, 0xff, 0x9b, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
-    if let Ok(addrs) = tokio::net::lookup_host("ipv4only.arpa:80").await {
+    // Bound the discovery lookup. This runs on exactly the networks that are
+    // already misbehaving, where the resolver can hang for tens of seconds
+    // before giving up — unbounded, it was a large part of why connecting over
+    // a broken mobile network took minutes. Falling back to the well-known
+    // prefix is strictly better than waiting.
+    let discovery = tokio::time::timeout(
+        Duration::from_secs(2),
+        tokio::net::lookup_host("ipv4only.arpa:80"),
+    )
+    .await;
+    if let Ok(Ok(addrs)) = discovery {
         for addr in addrs {
             if let std::net::SocketAddr::V6(v6) = addr {
                 let octets = v6.ip().octets();

ostp-core/src/congestion.rs

@@ -39,6 +39,9 @@ pub struct CongestionController {
     loss_count: u32,
     /// Pacing rate: bytes per second
     pacing_rate: u64,
+    /// Token-bucket allowance for pacing, in bytes.
+    pacing_tokens: f64,
+    pacing_last_refill: Instant,
     /// MTU estimate (used for cwnd → packet count conversion)
     mtu: u64,
     /// Min RTT expiry: re-probe after 10 seconds
@@ -65,6 +68,20 @@ const MIN_CWND_PACKETS: u64 = 2;
 /// Min RTT expiry window (after which we re-probe)
 const MIN_RTT_EXPIRY: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10);
 /// Minimum RTO (RFC 6298: 1s in TCP; we use 50ms since we own the protocol)
+/// Absolute ceiling on the congestion window, in packets. At a ~1200-byte MTU
+/// this is roughly 1.2 MB in flight — already far above the bandwidth-delay
+/// product of any link this protocol realistically runs over, so anything
+/// beyond it is standing queue, not throughput. The client previously allowed
+/// up to 16384 packets (~20 MB), which on a mobile uplink is minutes of buffer.
+const MAX_CWND_PACKETS: u64 = 1024;
+/// SRTT/min_rtt ratio at which slow start stops. Doubling is what fills a deep
+/// buffer fastest, so growth must end when the queue starts building rather
+/// than waiting for a loss that a deep buffer may never produce.
+const RTT_INFLATION_EXIT_SLOW_START: f64 = 2.0;
+/// SRTT/min_rtt ratio treated as a standing queue that must be actively drained.
+const RTT_INFLATION_BACKOFF: f64 = 4.0;
+/// How much pacing allowance may accumulate, expressed as time-at-rate.
+const PACING_BURST: Duration = Duration::from_millis(10);
 const RTO_MIN: Duration = Duration::from_millis(50);
 /// Maximum RTO
 const RTO_MAX: Duration = Duration::from_secs(16);
@@ -113,9 +130,50 @@ impl CongestionController {
             min_rtt_stamp: now,
             slow_start_losses: 0,
             slow_start_loss_window_start: now,
+            pacing_tokens: (INITIAL_CWND_PACKETS * mtu) as f64,
+            pacing_last_refill: now,
         }
     }
 
+    /// Bytes of pacing allowance available right now, without consuming any.
+    ///
+    /// Read-only so the send path can use it as an admission check before it
+    /// commits to building a datagram.
+    pub fn pacing_available(&self) -> f64 {
+        let elapsed = self.pacing_last_refill.elapsed().as_secs_f64();
+        (self.pacing_tokens + elapsed * self.pacing_rate as f64).min(self.pacing_burst())
+    }
+
+    /// Whether at least one full-size packet may be released right now.
+    pub fn can_pace_packet(&self) -> bool {
+        self.pacing_available() >= self.mtu as f64
+    }
+
+    /// Ceiling on accumulated allowance.
+    ///
+    /// Pacing intervals here are fractions of a millisecond, so releasing
+    /// strictly one packet at a time would need a sub-millisecond timer per
+    /// packet. Instead we allow a short burst — the same trade every real
+    /// pacing implementation makes — sized so the loop's existing ~10ms wakeups
+    /// can still saturate the configured rate, with a small floor so a
+    /// cold/low estimate can never wedge sending entirely.
+    fn pacing_burst(&self) -> f64 {
+        let by_rate = self.pacing_rate as f64 * PACING_BURST.as_secs_f64();
+        by_rate.max((self.mtu * 4) as f64)
+    }
+
+    /// Refill from elapsed time and deduct `bytes`. Called on the real send
+    /// path; allowance is permitted to go negative so an oversized packet still
+    /// pays for itself rather than being released for free.
+    fn consume_pacing(&mut self, bytes: u64) {
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        let elapsed = now.duration_since(self.pacing_last_refill).as_secs_f64();
+        self.pacing_last_refill = now;
+        self.pacing_tokens =
+            (self.pacing_tokens + elapsed * self.pacing_rate as f64).min(self.pacing_burst())
+                - bytes as f64;
+    }
+
     /// Returns the current congestion window in bytes.
     pub fn cwnd(&self) -> u64 {
         self.cwnd
@@ -167,6 +225,11 @@ impl CongestionController {
     /// Record that we sent `bytes` of data.
     pub fn on_send(&mut self, bytes: u64) {
         self.bytes_in_flight = self.bytes_in_flight.saturating_add(bytes);
+        // Charge the pacing bucket here rather than at the admission check, so
+        // every byte that actually reaches the wire is paid for exactly once —
+        // including retransmits, which are precisely what must not be allowed
+        // to bypass the rate limit and pile into an already-full queue.
+        self.consume_pacing(bytes);
     }
 
     /// Record that `bytes` were acknowledged but WITHOUT a usable RTT sample
@@ -198,9 +261,46 @@ impl CongestionController {
 
     /// Congestion-window growth shared by both ACK paths (slow start / probe).
     fn grow_window(&mut self, bytes: u64) {
-        // State machine
+        // ── Delay-based congestion signal ────────────────────────────────────
+        // A loss-only controller is blind on a deeply-buffered path, and mobile
+        // carrier buffers are very deep: they absorb a burst instead of dropping
+        // it, so no loss is ever signalled and cwnd keeps growing. The queue —
+        // not the link — is what grows, and the standing delay it adds shows up
+        // as RTT inflating far above the path's floor. Left unchecked this is a
+        // positive feedback loop: bigger queue -> larger RTT samples -> larger
+        // SRTT -> larger RTO -> retransmits pile on -> bigger queue, which is
+        // how a session ends up reporting multi-second (even multi-minute) RTT
+        // and stalls video until the buffer finally drains or the user
+        // reconnects. Treat sustained RTT inflation as congestion in its own
+        // right, exactly as it is.
+        let inflation = if self.rtt_initialized && !self.min_rtt.is_zero() {
+            self.srtt.as_secs_f64() / self.min_rtt.as_secs_f64()
+        } else {
+            1.0
+        };
+
+        if inflation >= RTT_INFLATION_BACKOFF {
+            // Standing queue is severe — actively drain it.
+            self.cwnd = (self.cwnd / 2).max(MIN_CWND_PACKETS * self.mtu);
+            self.ssthresh = self.cwnd;
+            self.phase = Phase::ProbeBandwidth;
+            tracing::debug!(cwnd = self.cwnd, inflation, "congestion: draining standing queue");
+            self.clamp_cwnd();
+            return;
+        }
+
         match self.phase {
             Phase::SlowStart => {
+                // Exponential doubling is what fills a deep buffer fastest, so
+                // leave slow start as soon as the queue starts to build rather
+                // than waiting for the loss that may never come.
+                if inflation >= RTT_INFLATION_EXIT_SLOW_START {
+                    self.ssthresh = self.cwnd;
+                    self.phase = Phase::ProbeBandwidth;
+                    tracing::debug!(cwnd = self.cwnd, inflation, "congestion: RTT inflation ended slow start");
+                    self.clamp_cwnd();
+                    return;
+                }
                 // Exponential growth: increase cwnd by acked bytes (doubles per RTT)
                 self.cwnd = self.cwnd.saturating_add(bytes);
                 if self.cwnd >= self.ssthresh {
@@ -213,6 +313,21 @@ impl CongestionController {
                 self.cwnd = self.cwnd.saturating_add(bytes * self.mtu / self.cwnd.max(1));
             }
         }
+
+        self.clamp_cwnd();
+    }
+
+    /// Hard ceiling on the congestion window.
+    ///
+    /// Independent of any estimate: no real path this protocol runs over has a
+    /// bandwidth-delay product anywhere near this, so a window above it is
+    /// buffered queue rather than data in transit. Without it, slow start on a
+    /// buffer that never drops could grow the window into the tens of megabytes.
+    fn clamp_cwnd(&mut self) {
+        let ceiling = MAX_CWND_PACKETS.saturating_mul(self.mtu);
+        if self.cwnd > ceiling {
+            self.cwnd = ceiling;
+        }
     }
 
     /// Record a loss event.
@@ -332,6 +447,94 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(cc.cwnd() < initial);
     }
 
+    /// The bufferbloat case: a deep buffer absorbs everything, so NOTHING is
+    /// ever lost, but the standing queue inflates RTT. A loss-only controller
+    /// grows cwnd forever here — which is how a session ends up reporting
+    /// multi-second RTT and stalling video.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rtt_inflation_halts_growth_without_any_loss() {
+        let mut cc = CongestionController::new(1200);
+
+        // Establish a low path floor; this becomes min_rtt.
+        for _ in 0..4 {
+            cc.on_send(1200);
+            cc.on_ack(1200, Duration::from_millis(20));
+        }
+        let cwnd_before = cc.cwnd();
+
+        // Queue builds: RTT climbs far above the floor, still zero loss.
+        for _ in 0..20 {
+            cc.on_send(1200);
+            cc.on_ack(1200, Duration::from_millis(400));
+        }
+
+        assert!(
+            cc.cwnd() <= cwnd_before,
+            "cwnd kept growing while the queue was inflating RTT ({} -> {})",
+            cwnd_before,
+            cc.cwnd()
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Pacing must actually bound the release rate: draining the bucket has to
+    /// deny the next packet. Without this the congestion window alone decides,
+    /// and a whole window leaves back-to-back.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pacing_bucket_denies_once_drained() {
+        let mut cc = CongestionController::new(1200);
+        assert!(cc.can_pace_packet(), "a fresh controller must allow sending");
+
+        // Spend well beyond one burst allowance.
+        let burst_bytes = cc.pacing_available();
+        let mut spent = 0.0;
+        while spent <= burst_bytes + 1200.0 {
+            cc.on_send(1200);
+            spent += 1200.0;
+        }
+
+        assert!(
+            !cc.can_pace_packet(),
+            "pacing allowed unbounded sending: {} bytes still available after spending {}",
+            cc.pacing_available(),
+            spent
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// The allowance must refill over time, or sending would stall permanently
+    /// once the first burst is spent.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pacing_bucket_refills_over_time() {
+        let mut cc = CongestionController::new(1200);
+        while cc.can_pace_packet() {
+            cc.on_send(1200);
+        }
+        assert!(!cc.can_pace_packet());
+
+        std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(25));
+        assert!(
+            cc.can_pace_packet(),
+            "pacing bucket never refilled; sending would be stuck forever"
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// cwnd must never exceed the absolute ceiling, however long slow start
+    /// runs unopposed — above it the window is buffered queue, not throughput.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_cwnd_never_exceeds_absolute_ceiling() {
+        let mut cc = CongestionController::new(1200);
+        // Constant RTT: no inflation signal, so only the hard cap can stop this.
+        for _ in 0..5000 {
+            cc.on_send(1200);
+            cc.on_ack(1200, Duration::from_millis(30));
+        }
+        assert!(
+            cc.cwnd() <= MAX_CWND_PACKETS * 1200,
+            "cwnd {} exceeded the {}-packet ceiling",
+            cc.cwnd(),
+            MAX_CWND_PACKETS
+        );
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn test_isolated_slow_start_loss_does_not_exit_slow_start() {
         // A single dropped packet (wireless noise, a brief handover blip) is

ostp-core/src/protocol.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@ use thiserror::Error;
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, VecDeque};
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
+/// Upper bound on a single frame's retransmit timer, after exponential backoff
+/// is applied to the adaptive RTO. Past this the session is dead from the
+/// user's point of view, and waiting longer only delays recovery.
+const MAX_EFFECTIVE_RTO: Duration = Duration::from_secs(8);
+
 use crate::congestion::CongestionController;
 use crate::crypto::{NoiseRole, NoiseSession, SessionCipher};
 use crate::framing::{AdaptivePadder, FrameHeader, FrameKind, FramedPacket, PaddingStrategy};
@@ -183,6 +188,16 @@ impl ProtocolMachine {
         self.cc.cwnd_packets() as usize
     }
 
+    /// Whether the pacing bucket currently allows releasing another packet.
+    ///
+    /// The congestion window bounds how much may be UNACKNOWLEDGED; it says
+    /// nothing about how fast that window is emptied onto the wire. Sending a
+    /// whole window back-to-back is what drives a deep buffer into standing
+    /// queue, so admission is gated on both.
+    pub fn can_pace_packet(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cc.can_pace_packet()
+    }
+
     pub fn on_send(&mut self, bytes: u64) {
         self.cc.on_send(bytes);
     }
@@ -675,8 +690,15 @@ impl ProtocolMachine {
                 break;
             }
 
+            // Exponential backoff, but bounded in absolute terms. base_rto is
+            // itself adaptive and can reach RTO_MAX (16s) on a congested path;
+            // multiplying that by the 64x backoff cap yields a frame that sits
+            // unretransmitted for ~17 MINUTES, long past the point where the
+            // session is simply dead to the user. Cap the product so backoff
+            // stays a backoff rather than an outage.
             let backoff_factor = 1u64 << (frame.retries as u64).min(6);
-            let effective_rto = Duration::from_millis(base_rto_ms.saturating_mul(backoff_factor));
+            let effective_rto = Duration::from_millis(base_rto_ms.saturating_mul(backoff_factor))
+                .min(MAX_EFFECTIVE_RTO);
 
             if now.duration_since(frame.last_sent) >= effective_rto {
                 // Only burn the retry counter and reset the RTO timer when the

ostp-flutter/android/app/build.gradle.kts

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+import java.io.FileInputStream
+import java.util.Properties
+
 plugins {
     id("com.android.application")
     id("kotlin-android")
@@ -5,6 +8,37 @@ plugins {
     id("dev.flutter.flutter-gradle-plugin")
 }
 
+// ── Release signing material ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Supplied out-of-band and never committed: either an `android/key.properties`
+// file (local release builds) or OSTP_KEYSTORE_* environment variables (CI).
+//
+// This exists because the release build used to be signed with the DEBUG
+// keystore (the stock Flutter template TODO). Android identifies an app by
+// applicationId + signing key, and refuses to update across a key change. The
+// debug keystore is auto-generated per machine, and CI runners are ephemeral,
+// so every published build carried a different random key — which is why
+// updating on top of a previous install failed with "App not installed" /
+// "unable to parse the package" and only a full uninstall+reinstall worked.
+val keystoreProperties = Properties().apply {
+    val propsFile = rootProject.file("key.properties")
+    if (propsFile.exists()) {
+        FileInputStream(propsFile).use { load(it) }
+    }
+}
+
+// Blank counts as absent. GitHub Actions substitutes an EMPTY STRING (not an
+// unset variable) for a secret that doesn't exist, so `getenv(...) ?: fallback`
+// silently kept the empty value — the elvis operator only catches null. That is
+// how an unset ANDROID_KEY_PASSWORD ended up being used as the literal key
+// password instead of falling back to the store password, producing Gradle's
+// "Get Key failed: Given final block not properly padded".
+fun signingSetting(propKey: String, envKey: String): String? =
+    (keystoreProperties.getProperty(propKey) ?: System.getenv(envKey))
+        ?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+
+val releaseStorePath: String? = signingSetting("storeFile", "OSTP_KEYSTORE_PATH")
+val hasReleaseSigning: Boolean = !releaseStorePath.isNullOrBlank()
+
 android {
     namespace = "com.ospab.ostp_client"
     compileSdk = flutter.compileSdkVersion
@@ -34,11 +68,43 @@ android {
         }
     }
 
+    signingConfigs {
+        create("release") {
+            if (hasReleaseSigning) {
+                val store = signingSetting("storePassword", "OSTP_KEYSTORE_PASSWORD")
+                storeFile = file(releaseStorePath!!)
+                storePassword = store
+                keyAlias = signingSetting("keyAlias", "OSTP_KEY_ALIAS")
+                // PKCS12 (the keytool default since Java 9, and what our upload
+                // keystore is) cannot hold a key password that differs from the
+                // store password — the format simply has no place to put one. So
+                // treat a missing key password as "same as the store password"
+                // instead of demanding a secret that, for this keystore, can only
+                // ever be a duplicate. An explicit value still wins, for the older
+                // JKS format where the two genuinely can differ.
+                keyPassword = signingSetting("keyPassword", "OSTP_KEY_PASSWORD") ?: store
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     buildTypes {
         release {
-            // TODO: Add your own signing config for the release build.
-            // Signing with the debug keys for now, so `flutter run --release` works.
-            signingConfig = signingConfigs.getByName("debug")
+            // Use the real upload key when one was supplied; otherwise fall back to
+            // the debug keystore so a plain local `flutter build apk --release`
+            // still works for development. Anything PUBLISHED must take the first
+            // branch — a debug-signed build cannot be updated over, and its key is
+            // machine-local, so it also can't be reproduced later.
+            if (hasReleaseSigning) {
+                signingConfig = signingConfigs.getByName("release")
+            } else {
+                logger.warn(
+                    "OSTP: no release keystore configured (android/key.properties or " +
+                    "OSTP_KEYSTORE_PATH) - falling back to the DEBUG keystore. This APK " +
+                    "is for local use only: users cannot update over it, and the key is " +
+                    "not reproducible on another machine."
+                )
+                signingConfig = signingConfigs.getByName("debug")
+            }
             proguardFiles(getDefaultProguardFile("proguard-android-optimize.txt"), "proguard-rules.pro")
         }
     }

ostp-flutter/pubspec.yaml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ publish_to: 'none' # Remove this line if you wish to publish to pub.dev
 # https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/General/Reference/InfoPlistKeyReference/Articles/CoreFoundationKeys.html
 # In Windows, build-name is used as the major, minor, and patch parts
 # of the product and file versions while build-number is used as the build suffix.
-version: 0.4.2+24
+version: 0.4.3+26
 
 environment:
   sdk: ^3.11.4

ostp-gui/package.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "ostp-gui",
   "private": true,
-  "version": "0.4.2",
+  "version": "0.4.3",
   "type": "module",
   "scripts": {
     "tauri": "tauri",

ostp-gui/src-tauri/Cargo.lock

@@ -2665,7 +2665,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ostp-client"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "base64 0.22.1",
@@ -2696,7 +2696,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ostp-core"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "bytes",
@@ -2713,7 +2713,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ostp-gui"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "json_comments",
@@ -2733,7 +2733,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ostp-tun"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "libc",

ostp-gui/src-tauri/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "ostp-gui"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 description = "OSTP desktop GUI"
 authors = ["ospab"]
 edition = "2021"

ostp-gui/src-tauri/tauri.conf.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "$schema": "https://schema.tauri.app/config/2",
   "productName": "ostp-gui",
-  "version": "0.4.2",
+  "version": "0.4.3",
   "identifier": "com.ospab.ostp",
   "build": {
     "frontendDist": "../src"

ostp-gui/src/styles.css

@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@
   --c-accent-dim:  rgba(var(--c-fg-rgb),0.08);
   --c-accent-glow: rgba(var(--c-fg-rgb),0.18);
 
-  /* Green only for "connected" state */
-  --c-green:       #e8e8e8;
-  --c-green-glow:  rgba(232,232,232,0.25);
-  --c-green-dim:   rgba(232,232,232,0.07);
+  /* Green only for "connected" state — the one deliberate break from the
+     monochrome palette, so a successful connection reads at a glance. */
+  --c-green-rgb:   46, 230, 109;
+  --c-green:       #2ee66d;
+  --c-green-glow:  rgba(var(--c-green-rgb),0.28);
+  --c-green-dim:   rgba(var(--c-green-rgb),0.09);
 
   --c-red:         #ff5f5f;
   --c-amber:       #f0b840;
@@ -55,9 +57,11 @@
   --c-accent:      #18181b;
   --c-accent-dim:  rgba(0,0,0,0.08);
   --c-accent-glow: rgba(0,0,0,0.14);
-  --c-green:       #18181b;
-  --c-green-glow:  rgba(0,0,0,0.16);
-  --c-green-dim:   rgba(0,0,0,0.05);
+  /* Deeper green so it stays legible against the light background. */
+  --c-green-rgb:   22, 163, 74;
+  --c-green:       #16a34a;
+  --c-green-glow:  rgba(var(--c-green-rgb),0.22);
+  --c-green-dim:   rgba(var(--c-green-rgb),0.08);
   --c-red:         #dc2626;
   --c-amber:       #d97706;
   --c-txt-1:       #18181b;
@@ -155,7 +159,7 @@ a { text-decoration: none; }
   transition: background var(--t-med), box-shadow var(--t-med);
 }
 .brand-dot.connecting { animation: dot-blink 1.4s infinite ease-in-out; background: var(--c-accent); }
-.brand-dot.connected  { background: var(--c-accent); box-shadow: 0 0 10px var(--c-accent-glow); }
+.brand-dot.connected  { background: var(--c-green); box-shadow: 0 0 10px var(--c-green-glow); }
 
 @keyframes dot-blink {
   0%,100% { opacity: 1; }
@@ -233,11 +237,11 @@ a { text-decoration: none; }
 
 .orbit-wrap.connected .orbit {
   animation: orbit-spin 4s linear infinite;
-  border-color: rgba(var(--c-fg-rgb),0.14);
+  border-color: rgba(var(--c-green-rgb),0.30);
   opacity: 1;
 }
-.orbit-wrap.connected .orbit-2 { animation-duration: 6s; animation-direction: reverse; border-color: rgba(var(--c-fg-rgb),0.08); }
-.orbit-wrap.connected .orbit-3 { animation-duration: 9s; border-color: rgba(var(--c-fg-rgb),0.04); }
+.orbit-wrap.connected .orbit-2 { animation-duration: 6s; animation-direction: reverse; border-color: rgba(var(--c-green-rgb),0.18); }
+.orbit-wrap.connected .orbit-3 { animation-duration: 9s; border-color: rgba(var(--c-green-rgb),0.10); }
 
 @keyframes orbit-spin {
   from { transform: rotate(0deg); }
@@ -270,9 +274,9 @@ a { text-decoration: none; }
   animation: btn-breathe 2s infinite ease-in-out;
 }
 .power-btn.connected {
-  border-color: rgba(var(--c-fg-rgb),0.8);
-  color: var(--c-txt-1);
-  box-shadow: 0 0 0 8px rgba(var(--c-fg-rgb),0.04), 0 0 50px rgba(var(--c-fg-rgb),0.12), 0 8px 32px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
+  border-color: var(--c-green);
+  color: var(--c-green);
+  box-shadow: 0 0 0 8px var(--c-green-dim), 0 0 50px var(--c-green-glow), 0 8px 32px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
 }
 .power-btn.error {
   border-color: var(--c-red);

ostp-server/src/dispatcher.rs

@@ -263,8 +263,19 @@ impl Dispatcher {
         self.peer_machines
             .iter()
             .map(|(&sid, ps)| {
-                let cwnd = (ps.machine.cwnd_packets() as i64).clamp(16, 16384);
+                // Ceiling matches MAX_CWND_PACKETS in ostp-core. The old 16384
+                // allowed ~20 MB outstanding toward one client — on a mobile
+                // downlink that is standing queue, not throughput, and it is the
+                // download direction that carries video.
+                let cwnd = (ps.machine.cwnd_packets() as i64).clamp(16, 1024);
                 let in_flight = ps.machine.in_flight_count() as i64;
+                // Pacing gates the RATE, cwnd only the outstanding amount. With
+                // the pacing bucket empty, report no headroom so the relay
+                // reader pauses instead of handing over another chunk that would
+                // leave back-to-back.
+                if !ps.machine.can_pace_packet() {
+                    return (sid, 0);
+                }
                 (sid, cwnd - in_flight)
             })
             .collect()

ostp/src/main.rs

@@ -28,6 +28,12 @@ enum Commands {
     Init {
         mode: String,
     },
+    /// Hash a password for the web panel's `api.password_hash` config field
+    #[command(name = "hash-password", alias = "hp")]
+    HashPassword {
+        /// The password to hash. Omit to be prompted (keeps it out of shell history).
+        password: Option<String>,
+    },
     /// Generate a new secure access key
     #[command(name = "gk", alias = "generate-key")]
     GenerateKey {
@@ -920,6 +926,38 @@ async fn run_app() -> Result<()> {
         match cmd {
             Commands::Setup { init } => { args.setup = true; args.init = init; }
             Commands::Init { mode } => { args.init = Some(mode); }
+            Commands::HashPassword { password } => {
+                // The panel stores only a hash, and until now nothing in the CLI
+                // could produce one: `ostp init server` writes password_hash: ""
+                // and the only generator lived inside the Unix-only Server+Panel
+                // wizard branch, leaving no supported way to set up API auth on a
+                // plain server.
+                let password = match password {
+                    Some(p) => p,
+                    None => {
+                        print!("Password: ");
+                        use std::io::Write as _;
+                        std::io::stdout().flush().ok();
+                        let mut buf = String::new();
+                        std::io::stdin().read_line(&mut buf)?;
+                        buf.trim_end_matches(['\r', '\n']).to_string()
+                    }
+                };
+                if password.is_empty() {
+                    anyhow::bail!("password must not be empty");
+                }
+                // Must match api.rs's handle_login byte for byte.
+                let hash = format!(
+                    "{:x}",
+                    <sha2::Sha256 as sha2::Digest>::digest(password.as_bytes())
+                );
+                println!();
+                println!("Add this to the \"api\" section of your config:");
+                println!();
+                println!("  \"password_hash\": \"{hash}\"");
+                println!();
+                return Ok(());
+            }
             Commands::GenerateKey { format, count } => { args.generate_key = true; args.format = format; args.count = count; }
             Commands::Links => { args.links = true; }
             Commands::Check => { args.check = true; }